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71.
基于水盐生产函数的绿洲灌区水盐调控研究 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5
土壤次生盐碱化是新疆灌溉农业所面临的最大环境问题。灌溉农业的快速扩展与灌排系统不完善是造成土壤次生盐碱化发生与恶化的关键因素。以水盐生产函数为依据,计算了不同生育阶段及全生育期阶段棉花相对产量与土壤全盐的关系,依据该计算结果对塔里木灌区的土壤盐化程度做了初步划分。基于塔里木灌区地下水埋深较浅且多为微咸水的事实,比较深入地探讨了地下水合理的动态水位及作物对潜水利用问题。最后,提出了灌区水盐调控的对策,强调排水系统的通畅运行是控制土壤次生盐碱化的关键,通过排水系统和减少灌溉定额使作物生长期的地下水埋深控制在1.6~2.1 m内,不但可以减少排水成本,而且也可使作物充分利用地下水,同时促进塔里木河水质的改善。 相似文献
72.
环境变化对河北省水资源量的影响 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:6
分析了气候变化、地下水超采、地表径流及粮食产量变化等方面对水资源的影响,结论认为,在新一轮水资源评价中,要充分考虑环境变化对水资源量的影响,加强地下水位大埋深条件下地表产流量、地下水补给量以及作物产量水平提高对水资源影响的实验研究,以提高新一轮水资源评价成果的精度。 相似文献
73.
K.C.?Tarboton W.W.?WallenderEmail author N.S.?RaghuwanshiEmail author 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》2004,18(3):255-273
The need for a better understanding of the interaction between irrigation practices and the elevation and quality of the water table is of paramount importance for developing irrigation management strategies to ameliorate the regional problems of elevated saline water tables in the San Joaquin Valley, California. An area of approximately 3000 ha which includes portions of the Diener Ranch and the adjacent University of California, Westside Research and Extension Center, located south of Five Points in the Westlands Water District on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley was chosen for extensive field measurements. Field work consisted of four main activities namely, field instrumentation, collection of records of field activities, periodic data collection, and analyses of field data. Field measurements of water table carried out during 1994 indicated that the water table elevation was sensitive to the irrigation practices. There was a general increase in the area with a water table close to the surface during the irrigation season, and a return to water table elevations similar to the starting conditions at the end of the season. During the study period, the surface water quality deteriorated more in areas irrigated with reuse water and persisted through the end of the season. Depth averaged electrical conductivity for the study area over 6.5 m decreased between December 1993 and December 1994. Vertical hydraulic gradients in the saturated zone, were found to be an order of magnitude larger than horizontal gradients. The direction of vertical gradients changed, with downward gradients following pre-irrigations and upward gradients later in the season, when crop water requirements increased. Based on the results of the field study, it can be concluded that the irrigation management practices have a direct effect on local water table response as well as on water quality. Therefore, irrigation practices that promote less deep percolation losses may be helpful in controlling the water table rise. 相似文献
74.
R. W. Skaggs M. A. Brevé A. T. Mohammad J. E. Parsons J. W. Gilliam 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1995,9(3):259-277
The design and management of drainage systems should consider impacts on drainage water quality and receiving streams, as well as on agricultural productivity. Two simulation models that are being developed to predict these impacts are briefly described. DRAINMOD-N uses hydrologic predictions by DRAINMOD, including daily soil water fluxes, in numerical solutions to the advective-dispersive-reactive (ADR) equation to describe movement and fate of NO3-N in shallow water table soils. DRAINMOD- CREAMS links DRAINMOD hydrology with submodels in CREAMS to predict effects of drainage treatment and controlled drainage losses of sediment and agricultural chemicals via surface runoff. The models were applied to analyze effects of drainage intensity on a Portsmouth sandy loam in eastern North Carolina. Depending on surface depressional storage, agricultural production objectives could be satisfied with drain spacings of 40 m or less. Predicted effects of drainage design and management on NO3-N losses were substantial. Increasing drain spacing from 20 m to 40 m reduced predicted NO3-N losses by over 45% for both good and poor surface drainage. Controlled drainage further decreases NO3-N losses. For example, predicted average annual NO3-N losses for a 30 m spacing were reduced 50% by controlled drainage. Splitting the application of nitrogen fertilizer, so that 100 kg/ha is applied at planting and 50 kg/ha is applied 37 days later, reduced average predicted NO3-N losses but by only 5 to 6%. This practice was more effective in years when heavy rainfall occurred directly after planting. In contrast to effects on NO3-N losses, reducing drainage intensity by increasing drain spacing or use of controlled drainage increased predicted losses of sediment and phosphorus (P). These losses were small for relatively flat conditions (0.2% slope), but may be large for even moderate slopes. For example, predicted sediment losses for a 2% slope exceeded 8000 kg/ha for a poorly drained condition (drain spacing of 100 m), but were reduced to 2100 kg/ha for a 20 m spacing. Agricultural production and water quality goals are sometimes in conflict. Our results indicate that simulation modeling can be used to examine the benefits of alternative designs and management strategies, from both production and environmental points-of-view. The utility of this methodology places additional emphasis on the need for field experiments to test the validity of the models over a range of soil, site and climatological conditions. 相似文献
75.
76.
大型灌区节水改造后地下水动态的 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以黄河河套灌区的节水灌溉工程改造为目标,通过一个试验区(沙壕渠灌域)的实际分析,在地下水动力学数值模拟基础上,用Galerkin法对节水工程实施后的地下水动态进行预测,通过更大范围(解放闸灌域)用人工神经网络BP模型的快速算法进行了检验比较认为:成果基本可靠,有一定代表性,可供河套灌区水环境评估与宏观水管理预测和决策参考。 相似文献
77.
78.
灌区土壤盐渍化发展模拟预测与对策研究 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
以秦王川灌区观测和调查资料为依据,采用目前广为实用的MODFLOW地下水模拟软件,对灌区地下水动态进行了预测和分析,并对地下水质的发展趋势作出评价。灌溉实施以来,秦王川灌区地下水位逐年上升。未来10年内盐沼区面积扩大约为28 km2,并且将继续增加,地下水埋深0~2 m的面积达31.4 km2,占灌区面积的比例约为6%。未来20年地下水埋深0~2 m的面积达47 km2,占灌区面积的比例为10%左右。根据地下水位的变化特征,对控制土壤盐渍化发展的因素和对策进行了分析,提出以明沟排水为主,加大灌区下游地下水排泄能力;以渠灌为主,适度发展井灌,大力推行田间节水灌溉技术等对策。 相似文献
79.
80.
淮北平原涝渍兼治的组合排水工程形式 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
由于淮北平原砂姜黑土区的气候、地形、地貌、水文地质、土壤等多方面原因,致使旱、涝、渍频繁,且涝渍灾害往往是紧密相连,先涝后渍,涝渍相随.造成大面积减产.甚至绝收,旱、涝、渍灾害一直困扰着本区的农业发展。通过试验及调查,从治理涝渍效果、提高农业产量、投入产出等方面进行综合分析,提出了几种适宜于本区的组合排水形式。 相似文献